Alcooli

de Puia Stefan


Postat pe 03 December 2015 la ora 04:24

Postat în categoria Combustibili



Alcoolii sunt compusi hidroxilici in care gruparea functionala hidroxil (-OH) este legata la un atom de carbon saturat, in stare de hibridizare sp3 . In alcooli gruparea -OH poate fi legata de o catena saturata, de partea saturata a catenei unei alchene, sau de catena laterala a unei hidrocaburi aromatice. Alcooli au formula generala : R-OH.

 Numele alcoolilor se formeaza adaugand sufixul  ol  la denumirea hidrocarburii cu acelasi numar de atomi de carbon : CH3-OH (metanol); CH3-CH2-OH (etanol); etc. O  nomenclatura mai veche denumeste radicalul cu sufixul ic , precedat de cuvantul alcool : CH3-OH (alcool metilic); CH3-CH2-OH (alcool etilic); etc.

     Deoarece gruparea hidroxil poate ocupa, intr-o catena cu trei sau mai multi atomi de carbon pozitii diferite, generand astfel izomeri de pozitie, este necesar ca in numele alcoolilor sa se arate si indicii de pozitie :    

                                                       -   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH (1-butanol);

                                                                   -    CH3-CH2-CH-CH(2-butanol);etc.

                                                                                  |

                                                                                             OH

     Daca alcoolul contine mai multe grupe hidroxil (-OH),se indica numarul si pozitia acestora :

                -  CH2-CH2   (1,2 etandiol / glicol);

                       |        |

                     OH    OH

                  

                 -  CH2-CH-CH  (1,2,3 propantriol/ glicerina)

                       |       |       |

                      OH  OH  OH    

     Alcoolii pot fi clasificati in general dupa trei mari criterii :

          a) dupa natura radicalului hidrocarbonat din care face parte atomul  de carbon saturat purtator al gruparii functionale, in :    

                 -  alcooli saturati: CH3-CH2-CH2-OH (alcool propilic);

                 -  alcooli nesaturati :  CH2=CH-CH2-OH (alcool alilic); 

                 -  alcooli aromatici : C6H5-CH2-OH (alcool benzilic) ;

          b)  dupa numarul gruparilorfuctionale in :

                  -  alcooli monohidroxilici : CH3-CH2-OH (alcool etilic); 

                  -  alcooli di(poli)hidroxilici : CH2-CH2 (1,2etandiol / glicol);                                                                                        

                                                                   |        |       

                                                                  OH   OH                                                                                                  

           c)  dupa natura atomuluide carbon saturat care poarta  gruparea functionala in :

                   -  alcooli primari :CH3-CH2-CH2-OH (alcool propilc ); 

                   -  alcooli secundari :CH3-CH-CH3 (alcool izopropilic / 2-propanol );                                                                   

                                                              |

                                                             OH

             

                                                               OH

                                                               |

                       -  alcooli tertiari :  CH3-C-CH3 ( alcool tertbutilic );

                                                               |

                                                              CH3